ABSTRACT
The post-COVID-19 condition or 'long COVID' is a clinical and scientific challenge for society. In this regard, patients after COVID-19 recovery show a vast range of sequels including muscular, articular lesions, neurological, dermatological, and pulmonary issues. These clinical consequences are issues in the present and for the future. In this case, rehabilitation therapies based on photobiomodulation and combined therapies arise as excellent tools to solve it. Herein, we describe and discuss the perspectives on the use of light-based therapies such as photobiomodulation, photodynamic therapy and combined vacuum and laser therapy for rehabilitation of patients who present some sequelae of the COVID-19 infection. We did not intend to produce a comprehensive review;instead we highlight the most important and clinical protocols against these sequels. Moreover, the principles and mechanism of action of each light-based technique proposed were reported and discussed.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The concern with environmental security to avoid contamination of individuals was intensified with the crisis established by SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the necessity to create systems and devices capable of clearing the air in an environment of micro-organisms more efficiently. The development of systems that allow the removal of micro-droplets mainly originating from breathing or talking from the air was the motivation of this study. AIM: This article describes a portable and easy-to-operate system that helps to eliminate the droplets or aerosols present in the environment by circulating air through an ultraviolet-C (UV-C) reactor. METHODS: An air circulation device was developed, and a proof-of-principle study was performed using the device against bacteria in simulated and natural environments. The microbiological analysis was carried out by the simple sedimentation technique. In order to compare the experimental results and the expected results for other micro-organisms, the reduction rate values for bacteria and viruses were calculated and compared with the experimental results based on technical parameters (clean air delivery rate (CADR) and air changes per hour (ACH)). FINDINGS: Results showed that the micro-organisms were eliminated with high efficiency by the air circulation decontamination device, with reductions of 99.9% in the proof-of-principle study, and 84-97% in the hospital environments study, contributing to reducing contamination of individuals in environments considered to present risk. CONCLUSION: This study resulted in a low-cost and relatively simple device, which was shown to be effective and safe, and could be replicated, especially in low-income countries, respecting the standards for air disinfection using UV-C technologies.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Ultraviolet Rays , Decontamination , Disinfection , Humans , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been widely applied to localized infections, both internal and external. However, there is a notable knowledge gap when it comes to applying PDI to an entire organ system or even systemically throughout an organism. To study these treatment methods, an in vivo murine model of MHV-1 is planned. As a respiratory coronavirus, the model provides a suitable system for study, in addition to potential determination of systemic results. Specifically applied, MHV-1 has many key characteristics, such as symptoms and viral protein structures, that are in common or similar to other coronaviruses. Thus, this theorized model simultaneously addresses a key knowledge gap and provides useful insights into potential treatments for COVID-19 and similar disease-causing viruses. The risk of emergent viral threats and the necessity for rapidly developed, adaptable, affordable treatment methods are both now vividly evident. © 2021 SPIE.